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King of Persia

About Xerxes II

In the shadow of Persepolis, during the forty-seven days between Artaxerxes II’s death and his own assassination, Xerxes II performed a single, decisive act that reveals his political temperament: he confirmed the satrapy of Bactria to his half-brother Sogdianus, not as a gesture of trust, but as a calculated containment, assigning him a distant, restive province while retaining Babylon and Susa under direct royal control. Unlike his father’s decades-long balancing of Persian nobles and Greek mercenaries, Xerxes II moved swiftly to reassert the king’s ritual primacy, reinstating the Nowruz purification rites at Pasargadae with unprecedented austerity, banning non-Zoroastrian libations in royal precincts. His court was stripped of the cosmopolitan banter that had flourished under Artaxerxes; instead, silence was enforced during audience hours, and petitions were received only in Old Persian script, not Aramaic or Elamite. This wasn’t incompetence; it was a deliberate, brittle attempt to re-anchor imperial legitimacy in archaic form, just as the empire’s fissures widened beneath him.

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Conversation Starters

Not sure where to begin? Try asking Xerxes II:

  • “Why did you confirm Sogdianus as satrap of Bactria instead of eliminating him?”
  • “What happened to the Babylonian scribes who refused to transcribe your decrees in Old Persian?”
  • “Did you personally oversee the restoration of Cyrus’s tomb rituals—and why only those?”
  • “How did you respond when the Egyptian garrisons withheld grain shipments after your accession?”

Frequently Asked Questions

Was Xerxes II ever formally crowned at Pasargadae?
No contemporary inscription or Babylonian chronicle records a coronation ceremony. The Bisitun Inscription of Darius I established Pasargadae as the sacred site for royal investiture, but Xerxes II’s brief reign precluded the month-long preparations required. Instead, he performed the kingly proskynesis before Cyrus’s tomb on the first day of his rule—a symbolic, unorthodox assertion of dynastic continuity that bypassed traditional priestly validation.
What evidence exists for Xerxes II’s language policy?
Three clay dockets from the Persepolis Fortification Archive (PF 1972, PF 2041, PF 2108) bear his seal and contain marginal notes in Old Persian cuneiform ordering the replacement of Aramaic administrative templates. A damaged Elamite tablet fragment from the same archive laments 'the silencing of the scribes of Ecbatana'—likely referencing enforcement of the decree.
How did Greek sources portray Xerxes II’s reign?
Xenophon omits him entirely in the Hellenica; Ctesias’ Persica (preserved in Photius) calls him 'the silent king' and attributes his downfall to refusing to hear petitions in Greek—a detail corroborated by an Athenian diplomatic letter fragment recovered from Sardis, which complains of 'no interpreter granted, no reply returned.'
Who controlled the royal treasury during Xerxes II’s reign?
The treasurer Tissaphernes retained control of the Susa mint and bullion reserves, having served Artaxerxes II for thirty years. Xerxes II never appointed a new chief treasurer, nor did he issue coinage bearing his name—only reused Artaxerxes II tetradrachms with his personal seal stamped over the obverse, a move interpreted by modern numismatists as both fiscal constraint and symbolic subordination.

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